Cendana Oils (Sandalwood Oils)

Sandalwood oil (Santanum album L) in Indonesia are produced intensively on the island of Timor. Its plants in the form of a small evergreen tree with straight trunk and rounded with no groove. This plant is suitable in areas with cold and dry valve and the medium intensity of sunlight. Long dry months is very good influence on the formation of its essential oil and its fragrance. The small-leaved varieties has a higher sandalwood oil content in the wooden porch, but lower levels of santanol.
It is obtained from the distillation of the core of its rod with a long time of distillation process because of the high boiling point of the oil. Sandalwood oil yield is about 3-5%.
Its content is essential oils, hars, and tanning substances. Mainly from the its tree butts and roots, the aromatic oil can be distilled,. It is used in high quality soaps and as a perfumes fixative. Steam distillation, yields 5 sesquiterpene alcohols, epi-alpha-bisabolol, (Z)-alphasantalol, 2(E),6(E)-farnesol, (Z)-beta-santalol and (Z)-nuciferol. The percentage of epi-alpha-bisabolol increases with increasing height up the the trees and even the volatile fraction of a the dead branch contained. Two santalols,(Z)-beta-santalol and (Z)-nuciferol, were highest in the its buttwood.The main component of sandalwood oil is santanol. In international trade, santanol levels should be more than 90%, if not then the market will not accept it.
Estimated worldwide demand of sandalwood oil is more than 50 tons / year. Indonesia had ranked second after India (Myrose). They plays an important role in the fragrance industry. It can be used to perfume themselves, and can also be expensive for perfume binder (Violet, Cassie, Rose, Reseda, and Ambete).
In 2007, sandalwood oil export volume about 403,148 kg with an export value of U.S. $ 3,814,800 (CBS, 2008), up significantly from the previous year with only 21,751 kg of export volume and value of U.S. $ 1,736,214.
Sandalwood oil benefits is as antipyretic, analgesic, carminative, stomachache therapy, and diuretics.
Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) from the Republic of Indonesia, Hassan Sharif, in March 2011 launched the handicraft from Cendana of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), became one of the national flagship product.
"The establishment of this superior commodity is in line with the program of the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs about the "one village - one product " by utilizing existing resources in one area," he said, in Kupang, Indonesia at Friday, March 11, 2011.
According to the Minister, any programs to introduce a superior product that can be used as an area of national as well as superior commodity become viable to be export commodity.
He said that in addition to NTT wood crafts, either in the form of souvenirs or essential oil, the diversity of weaving in this area can also be a national flagship product.
"Because of the handicraft from Sandalwood and “Tenun ikat” (one of traditional weaving style at NTT - Indonesia) has long been known to the public, from the marketing campaign would not even be congested," he said.
To that end, the Minister asked the people in this area, supporting the program of NTT Government, which was determined to restore the popularity of this oil, by planting 10 million saplings of its plants.
The Minister added, regarding the marketing of excellent products, if one area is facing difficulties, the current Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs have set up a building in Jakarta to be used as a location for a permanent exhibition and marketing, and is free of charge.
He said, if each regions in Indonesia have a superior product, there will be a wide variety of products offered on the market. While consumers are presented with many choices, too.
This step, he said, to encourage creativity and innovation in local economic actors both cooperatives and SMEs to create superior commodity, which have competitiveness.
"I also call attention to helping local governments and fostering cooperatives and SMEs in their respective areas to grow into an economic force that is able to prosper the community," he added.
However the growth of sandalwood oil industry in Indonesia is expected to ensure the utilization of crop yields

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Kenanga Oils / Cananga Oils

Cananga oil obtained by distillation cananga flowers. In the local areas of Indonesia, small and medium scale processors usually distill that oil by boiling method. The distillates (kenanga oil) consist of several factions that have different composition and quality. Faction of this essential oil with the best quality is that contains high levels of ester and ether, low sesquiterpenes. It is still exported in a crude form. By American and European importers, it is usually precessed through rectification to produce clearer and more easily soluble oil. The final oil will shrink as much as 25%.
The plants (Cananga odorata) were spreaded from the Philippines. In Java (Indonesia), the plants grow wild. The plants thrive in the lowlands with high humidity, tropical climate and close to the beach. In Java, the plants is usually planted in the yard, but not cultivated. Producing areas of its flower in Java Island is (one of Indonesia big Island) is Banten. The only problem with the flower and its aroma in that area (Java) is related with local mystique believe. The non sense thing.
The young flower is green, while the old yellow. The highest yield and quality of cananga oil have been found in the perfectly mature one(amber colored).
It is only produced in Indonesia with an output of 20 tons / year. Specialized in Java, cananga oil producing region is Boyolali and Blitar. In the world, cananga oil consumption is still limited compared ylang-ylang oil, but it is still important because of the smell of this oil is more durable and less expensive than ylang-ylang oil. In industry, it is used as a fragrance ingredient of soap.
The flowers are traded since ancient times in Java, especially to make a hair oil that is often used by Javanese women. In addition to nourish and improve the black color of the human hair., cananga oil aroma is also appealing. That's why it is known as a perfume tree. Parts of plants that can be used in cosmetics and herbal therapy are the flowers. Chemical content in the essential oil are benzoic, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, benzyl acetate, eugenol, safrol, cadinene and pinene. Its chemical compounds are volatile and are excellent for aromatherapy. It is also used to blend masks and scrubs.
Linalool as the cananga oil major component, can be converted into a compound that is linalil acetate esters. Linalil acetate useful as a perfume, cosmetics, and as an antibacterial. Changes in components of the oil as the esterification results will affect the antibacterial activity. Esterification reaction of linalool with acetic acid and catalyst ZnCl2 anhidrid use heating in refluxing resulting acetic linalil ester with yield of 13.25% while the esterification of linalool with no heating doesn’t produce acetic linalil ester. Heating affects the esterification reaction by increasing the acetic linalil ester resulted. The oil produced from that esterification has lower activity as an antibacterial for S. aureus.
According to Danna Amelia research , the cananga oil yield from steam distillation of its fresh flowers sample was 0.325% (w / w) while for the wilted flowers is 0.276% (w / w). Components of the oil from the fresh one are 1-methoxy-4-methyl benzene (3.05%), linalool (22.06%), geranyl acetate (7.54%), trans-caryophilene (28.06%), α -humulene (8.65%) and D-germacrene (21.91%), while the wilted one is, 1-methoxy-4-methyl benzene (2.79%), linalool (21.76%), trans -caryophilene (31.87%), α-humulen (9.25%) and D-germacrene (21.62%). The results of physico-chemical properties of cananga oil is yellow translucent in color, fragrant smell of kenanga, 0.9157 specific gravity and refractive index of 1.5039, while for oil of the wilted one is clear translucent in color, fragrant smell with a little burnt nuance, specific gravity 0.9138 and refractive index 1.5040 (Danna Amelia, 2011)

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Ginger oil

Ginger oil production is done by distillation (by steam distillation or water distillation) of its rhizome which had previously been dried in the form of flakes or powders. Average yield of this essential oil is 1-3% (dry) depending on its type, the effectiveness and the handling of the distillation. Ginger oil extraction with solvents produces a higher yield than the refinery, because not only its essential oil, but its oleoresin is also extracted, which provides the spicy flavor.
Environmental conditions where its plants can grow well is at about 2500-4000 mm rainfall per year, at a temperature of 25-35 ° C, and medium or high air humidity. The plant requires a fertile soil, friable, rich in humus and well drained; can also grow in soil and ground brown red latosol andosol.
The main compounds of ginger oil is zingiberene, and zingiberol which causes its typical smell. It is used as a raw material of soft drink, in the flavoring industry, pharmacy and perfumery.
Ginger oil is largely exported to USA, Singapore, Germany, India and South Africa, with the largest importers are USA. Indonesia is still the third largest producer after China and India in global markets, whereas the climate and land suitability of Indonesia is very potential.
Modern researchers support for its use as a 'traditional herb'. From the research, its extract, either from its fresh and dried rhizome, efficacious in dealing with bacterial infections, fungal infections, seizures, pain, wounds and gastric disorders, tumors, cramps and allergic reactions. The extract which is examined is the appropriate standard gingerol, which is an extract that does not lose flavor and sharp aroma.
Research on animal experiments ( mice) that is performed in China and western countries, showed that the fresh rhizome is effective for relieving pain and infection. Experiments in vitro (laboratory) showed that ginger oil inhibits oxidation (= are antioxidants) that may reduce the risk of cancer, and also inhibits the growth of microorganism such as bacteria.
Ginger oil is also beneficial for blood circulation. It has a property anticoagulant (anti blood clotting) that is more powerful than garlic or onion. It is also capable of lowering cholesterol levels because it can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the blood and liver. Research conducted by experts in Japan showed that this oil can lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral blood flow rate.
Experts also try it to treat migraine. These tests are encouraged therapies to treat disorders of the nervous system. Its benefit as a migraine drug still requires further research.
In most cases preferred ginger oil research to determine their effect on digestion. In the land of China, the results of research conducted to humans showed that a drink made of fresh rhizome can reduce gastric acid secretion for several hours. Then it increased again after some time. Another study states that its dried root will strengthen the stomach, small intestine and prevents vomiting.
Recent studies indicate that acetone and methanol extracts from the rhizome has a strong effect to inhibit the occurrence of injury in the stomach. Other studies show that gingerol able to overcome the affect toxicity (poisoning) in the liver by increasing bile acid.

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Nutmeg Oil

Nutmeg oil which has the best quality in the world of commerce is derived from Myristica fragrans H. It needs a hot marine climates (25-30 ° C), but wet, rainfall 2500 mm / year. Its crops can be grown in the lowlands of less than 700 m above sea level on sandy soil mixed with humus. Its trees height can reach 12 m. The trees begin flowering and fruiting after the age of 4-6 years, and earning up to 25 years to bear fruit. Its shaped oval to oblong, and the outer portion of the rind. Under the flesh of the fruit, there is shell covered by red nets called mace. Under the shell there is the seed.
Its plants scattered in the region of Sumatra, Aceh, Java, Sulawesi and Mollucas. The largest cultivation areas are located in Aceh and Maluku.
Nutmeg oil production is performed by water and steam distillation from the its seeds. Its essential oil yield of about 7-16%, while the mace oil yield of about 4-15%. The oil from young seed produces a greater yield than the old.
The main compounds of nutmeg oil is myristin (miristin) which are toxic and has a narcotic effect, so the use of this oil in the food industry and medicine is very little. It is also used in the perfume industry and toothpaste.
Indonesia plays an important role in the world market of nutmeg oil because most of the needs of the world are supplied from this country. Other major producing countries are Granada, India, and Madagascar. More than 60% of the world's nutmeg from Indonesia with export volume of more than 200 tons / year, tends to stabilize until 2007. But in 2008, their nutmeg oil production declined drastically due to the pests that attack the crops in Sumatra. In the terms of its value, the development of the export value showed a significant increase.
There are three parts of its high economic value. Its mace, is widely used as a spice in cooking or being extracted to produce juice which has benefit as raw materials of cosmetics and perfumes. The brown seeds, is the most widely used. They are grinded into a variety of spices, perfumes, cosmetics, essential oils, preservatives etc.
Its plants (Myristica fragrans Houtt) are native to Indonesia from the Banda Islands and the Moluccas. Their notoriety as a spice plants has been known since the 16th century. In international trade, the seed from Indonesia is known as "Banda nutmeg". Until now, they are the world's largest producer. Its crops is known for its spice plants that have economic value. The fruit consists of pulp (77.8%), mace (4%), shell (5.1%) and seeds (13.1%). High economic value of the its fruit is provided by its seed and mace which can be extracted to be essential oil. One effort to use its flesh is to make candied nutmeg and syrup which is famous, delicious, and fragrant, and generally conducted by small household businesses. So, empowerment of that small businesses today need to be increased. Through the empowerment of this small scale business, the product is expected to be Indonesia export commodity exports accompanying seeds, mace and nutmeg oil.

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Clove oil

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) as a source of clove oil, including herbaceous plant species which can possess great trees and hardwood. Higher plants can reach 15-20 meters and can last up to hundreds of years. Its plants have unique properties because all the parts of trees contain oils, ranging from roots, stems, leaves to flowers. The content of this oil on the parts of these plants vary in number but the highest oil content found on the flowers (20%) while the handle and leaves contain approximately 4-6%.
Clove production area is spread in almost all regions in Indonesia from Aceh to Papua with an area of the largest in Java and Sulawesi. The area of the plant is increased slightly each year or more stable.
The simplest way of production to get its oil is by water and steam distillation with the old distillery around 7-8 hours for wet leaves and 6-7 hours for the distillation of dried leaves.
Use of the pressure gradually from 1 bar to 2 bar can shorten long distillation into 4-5 hours.
Clove leaf oil is yellowish until translucent in color having a spicy flavor, hard, and smelled its unique scent. The color of its oil will change to brown or purple if the oil comes in contact with iron or due to storage.
Its production center is located in Central Java, West Java, East Java, West Sumatera, Bali and South Sulawesi. In 2007, Indonesia produce about 2,500 tons with an estimated world consumption of about 3,500 tonnes / year. However, the volume of exports is very small, because most of this essential oil is processed into derivative products that are exported more on derivatives products, such as eugenol, eugenol acetate, etc..
Benefits of clove oil is not as popular as olive oil or eucalyptus oil, but it is also effective for health. It is a volatile oil that can be used as an alternative treatment. Many of the substances contained in clove oil showed the properties of antibiotics, anti-virus, anti-fungal and has efficacy as an antiseptic. In addition it was also found that it contain about 60-90 percent eugenol. The content of other compounds in this oil is manganese, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, fiber, iron, potassium and calcium. Vitamins are needed by the body is also found in the oil, especially vitamin C and vitamin K.
Based on the research note that clove oil can reduce inflammation in the body, improve immune system naturally, improving blood circulation, increase metabolism and help cope with stress and depression.

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Lemongrass oil (Citronella oil)

The best known varieties for the raw material of lemongrass oil (citronella oil) are the varieties of Mahapegiri (as a source of Java lemongrass oil) and Lenabatu varieties (Cylon lemongrass oil). Mahapegiri varieties are capable of delivering quality and better essential oil yield compared with Lenabatu varieties. It is thought to have come from Sri Lanka. Latin name of its plant is Cymbopogon nardus L., including the tribe of Poaceae.
Area for its planting and production in Indonesia has a total area in 2007 amounted to 19592.25 ha, the largest is in the area of Java, especially West Java and Central Java. The market share and production reached 95% of the total production of Indonesia. The other areas are Aceh and West Sumatra. Production centers are in West Java: Purwakarta, Subang, Pandeglang, Bandung, Ciamis, Brass, Garut and Tasikmalaya, while in Central Java are Cilacap, Purbalingga and Pemalang.
To make lemongrass oil, the processors in Indonesia usually use a process of distillation for 3-4 hours. Average yield of this essential oil around 0.6 to 1.2% depend on its variety and handling and the distillation effectiveness .
Most important compounds of this oil are sitronellal and geraniol. Both of these components determine the intensity of the lemongrass oil odor, fragrance, and prices, so its content should be eligible for export requirements. It is used in industry, especially as soaps, sprays, disinfectant, plant-based pesticide, polish materials, gasoline octane enhancer and a variety of technical preparation.
The estimated world consumption of lemongrass oil in 2007 is more than 2000 tons / year. Indonesia is the world's third producer after China and Vietnam. Some countries are always actively buying it from Indonesia are Singapore, Japan, USA, Australia, Holland, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, India, and Taiwan, with major buyers are the U.S., France, Italy, Singapore and Taiwan. Lemongrass oil export volume is relatively small, amounting to 115.67 tons valued at U.S. $ 701.0 in 2004.
The composition of lemongrass oil
Its leaves: 0.4% essential oil consisting of citral, citronelol (66-85%), (a-phinene, camphene, sabinene, mirsen, ß-felandren, p-Simen, limonene, cis-osimen , terpinol, citronellal, borneol, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol, geraniol, farnesol, methyl heptenon, n-desialdehida, dipenten, methyl heptenon, bornilasetat, geranilformat, terpinil acetate, acetate sitronelil, geranil acetate, ß-element, kariofilen-ß, ß-bergamoten, trans-methylisoeugenol, ß-kadinen, elemol, kariofilen oxide. In another study found 1% with the major components (+) citronelol, geranial (approximately 35% and 20%), besides that there are also geranil butyrate, citral, limonene, eugenol, and methyleugenol. Citronelol isolation results from citronella oil consist of a pair of enantiomers (R)-citronellal and (S) citronellal. On the other kinds of Cymbopogon (Cymbopogon giganteus chiovenda) containing Essential oil consisting of limonene, p-Mentha-1, 5, 8-triene; 1.2 limonenoxyde, p-Mentha-2 ,8-dien-l-ol; Dean-2, 4-dien-l-ol, p-methylacetophenon ; trans-p-Menta-1 (7), 8-dien-2-ol; decan-2, 4-dienal; isopiperitenol; cis-p.menta-1 (7), 8-dien-2-ol; cis carveol; carvone; isopiperitenon; cuminil alcohol; perililaldehide; perilil alcohol.
Lemongrass oil and plant for traditional medicine
Roots: used as a laxative urine, cough medicine, materials for mouthwash, and body warmers. Leaves: used as a laxative stomach, appetite enhancer, post-natal treatment, lowering the heat and strain relief.

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Vetiver oil

Vetiveria zizanoides Stapt is a source of vetiver oil, include the family of Graminae or grasses. It has a very fragrant smell, grow in a dense, scarlet highly branched root fibers. It can be planted any time of year, but it is best at the beginning of the rainy season.
Vetiver oil production is done by steam distillation at a multilevel pressure 1-3 atm for 8-9 hours at a rate of distillation from 0.7 to 0.8 liters oil / kg roots / hour. Average yield of this oil is ranged from 1.5 to 2%. Its quality not only depends on the age of the roots, but also depends on the length of distillation. The smell of charred (burnt) is due to quickly distillation which will reduce the oil prices and quality which buyers expected.
The compounds that make up the vetiver oil are: vetiveron, vetiverol, vetivenil, vetivenal, palmitic acid, benzoic acid, and vetivena. It is used as raw materials of cosmetics, perfumes, soaps and fragrance materials. It has a pleasant odor, hard, durable, and besides that it also serves as an odor binder (fixative).
Estimated worldwide demand of this essential oil is more than 200 tons / year. Indonesia is an important player with production area center in Garut which provide a total area of 2063 ha and the production as much as 34.5 tons in 2007. Today, in addition to Europe, this oil is also exported to USA, Japan, and Singapore.
Its plant can control dengue fever mosquito populations. Strong smell of vetiver oil that comes out of this plant is quite deadly to the kind of mosquitoes.
Based on the results of research conducted by Sri Murwarni (2002), in the form of utilization of its extracts to control the mosquito of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles aconitus, which include biological testing the toxicity of the extract for LC50 and LT50 of the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Based on these experiments, then the test conducted showed toxicity, the extract with a concentration of 0.20 percent and 0.25 percent was able to kill the Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae within approximately two hours.
In southern India, traditionally, its grass is planted along a particular path as a permanent boundary between the land. Whereas in Java, the grass is planted on sloping sites. The ability of the grass for use as erosion control has been widespread throughout the tropics, since the 1980s. In Central Java, the combination planting that grass, elephant grass, Sengon and Kara trees surely can control erosion, slope stability and spur the development of soil physical properties of the former volcanic eruption at Mount Merapi.
Vetiver oil as a commodity unique needs diperlajari further, not only from the aspect of their utilization but also the cultivation and processing to obtain a high quantity and quality.

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Patchouli Oil

Today, patchouli oil s used as an antiseptic, anti-fungal, anti-acne, eczema cure, chapped skin and dandruff, and to reduce inflammation. In addition, it is also used to help reduce anxiety and depression or to help people with insomnia (difficulty sleeping disorders). In the 1980s, its essential oil is often used for aromatherapy ingredients.
Its plant (Pogostemon spp) is known by various names in several areas, such as the: Sumatra-Java, rei (West Sumatra, pisak (Alor), ungapa (East). Among scientists known for several species of Pogostemon sp, among others:
• Pogostemon cablin Benth. It is popular with the name Aceh patchouli; the main characteristic is the leaves are rounded like hearts, and on the surface of the bottom of the leaves, there are many hairs. This species is up to the age of 3 (three) years of almost no interest.
• Pogostemon hortensis Backer. It is known as the soap patchouli. The central characteristic leaf is the thinner, hairless, shiny surface of the leaves, and the color is green.
• Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. It is often called the Java patchouli. The characteristics of the leaf are thin and rather sharp, the color is dark green, and it is flowering more quickly.
Of the three types, the highest essential oil content is the Aceh (2.5 to 5.0%). In contrast, the others contain an average essential oil content of only 0.5 to 1.5%. Nowadays, it has been known for the three varieties of Indonesia with superior productivity of> 300 kg patchouli oil /ha, i.e., Sidikalang, Tapaktuan, and Lhokseumawe.
Patchouli oil is produced by distillation, either with steam or high-pressure steam. Its main compound is patchouli alcohol (PA), about 30%. Patchouli oil composition are: β-patchoulene 2.90 to 3.80%, α-guaiene 13.10 - 15.20%, caryophyllene 3.30 to 3.90%, α-patchoulene 5.10 to 5.90%, seychellene 8.60 to 9.40%, α-bulnesene14.70 to 16.80%, and norpatchoulenol 0.50%. PA is usually used as a basis for determining the desired quality of this oil in addition to the requirement of free from oil contamination by iron (Fe). Therefore, refineries or distillation should be done by using a kettle made of rust-free (stainless steel) instead of iron or steel, which are corrosive.
Its cultivation is not too tricky, with careful selection of varieties, the management of intensive cultivation, and a growing environment that meets the requirements, i.e., at a temperature of 24-28 ° C, rainfall is 2000-3500 mm/year or humidity> 75%, crumb texture of the soil, loose and lots of humus, dirt, and altitude reached 50-400 m above sea level. Plants that grow in the lowlands have a high oil content, PA is low, and vice versa at high altitudes, low oil content, but the PA was high. Its production center is mostly in NAD, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, South Sumatra, West Java, Central Java, and East Java. Some areas, such as South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan, also began to produce it.
Patchouli oil is a binder (fixative) of other fragrance ingredients in perfumes and cosmetic compositions. In addition, it can be used to control pests. Besides being used in the form of oil, it is also helpful for skin moisturizing ingredients, eliminating body odor, body and drug preservatives, and medical treatment of the skin.
It is exported to various countries like the USA, Singapore, Japan, France, Switzerland, UK, Taiwan, Holland, Germany, and China with an export volume of 2,074,250 kg of oil, the export value of U.S. $ 27,136,913 in 2004 (BPS, 2007). Its world consumption 2006 was about 1500 tons/year, and Indonesia is the primary producer. The situation in 2007 - 2008 could have been more conducive (the price fluctuated quite significantly), resulting in a drop in production and consumption by more than 40% (Mulyadi, 2008). The performance of Indonesia patchouli oil exports by volume (kg) estimated that only about 50-60% of exports in 2006, although the value (GBP/USD) rose because there were significant price hikes.

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